Tutorial: llmPrompt SwiftUI

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DUE Wed, 09/03, 2 pm

This tutorial introduces you to the iOS app development environment and basic development tools on the backend. You’ll learn some Swift syntax and language features for the front end and, to a lesser extent, get acquainted with the backend language and web stack of your choice. You will use SwiftUI to build reactive UI declaratively on the front end. It can be completed on the iOS simulator. Let’s get started!

Expected behavior

Posting a prompt and receiving and displaying streamed response:

Preliminaries

Before we start, you’ll need to prepare a GitHub repo to submit your tutorials and for us to communicate your tutorial grades back to you. Please follow the instructions in Preparing GitHub for Reactive Tutorials and Projects and then return here to continue.

If you don’t have an environment set up for iOS development, please read our notes on Getting Started with iOS Development first.

Creating an Xcode project

In the following, replace <YOUR UNIQNAME> with your uniqname. Apple will complain if your Bundle Identifier is not globally unique. Using your uniqname is one way to generate a unique Bundle Identifier.

Depending on your version of Xcode, the screenshots in this and subsequent specs may not look exactly the same as what you see on screen.

1. Click Create a new Xcode project in “Welcome to Xcode” screen (screenshot)
2. Select iOS > App and click Next (screenshot, be careful that you select iOS and not macOS)
3. Enter Product Name: swiftUIChatter
4. Team: None

   if you don’t have one yet, otherwise choose your Personal Team

5. Organization Identifier: edu.umich.<YOUR UNIQNAME> 👈👈👈

   replace <YOUR UNIQNAME> with yours, remove the angle brackets,< >

6. Interface: SwiftUI
7. Language: Swift
8. Leave the other fields as None and all boxes unchecked, click Next
9. On the file dialog box that pops up, put your swiftUIChatter folder in 👉👉👉 YOUR*TUTORIALS/llmprompt/swiftUIChatter/, where YOUR*TUTORIALS is the name you give to your assignment GitHub repo clone in Preparing GitHub for Reactive above.
10. Leave Create Git repository on my Mac UNCHECKED (screenshot). We will add the files to GitHub using GitHub Desktop instead.
11. Click Create

Once the project is created, navigate to your project editor (top line of Xcode left pane showing your Product Name). Xcode will then show the General settings for your project in its middle pane. In the Minimum Deployments section, using the drop-down selector, choose iOS 18 or later.

Next click the Signing & Capabilities tab (up top, next to the General tab). In the Signing section. If you selected None for Team when creating your project above, you will need to specify a Team. If you don’t yet have a Personal Team yet, please create one now (for free) using your Apple ID. In the drop down menu next to Team select Add an Account... at the bottom of the menu, sign in using your Apple ID and follow the prompts to create one. Finally confirm that your Bundle identifier is edu.umich.<YOUR UNIQNAME>.swiftUIChatter. Apple will complain if your Bundle Identifier is not globally unique.

Checking GitHub

Open GitHub Desktop and

• Click on Current Repository on the top left of the interface
• Click on the assignment GitHub repo you cloned above
• Add Summary to your changes and click Commit to main at the bottom of the left pane
• If you have a team mate and they have pushed changes to GitHub, you’ll have to click Pull Origin and resolve any conflicts, re-commit to main, and
• Finally click on Push Origin to push changes to GitHub

If you are proficient with git, you don’t have to use GitHub Desktop. However, we can only help with GitHub Desktop, so if you use anything else, you’ll be on your own.

Go to the GitHub website to confirm that your folders follow this structure outline:

  reactive
    |-- llmprompt
        |-- swiftUIChatter
            |-- swiftUIChatter.xcodeproj
            |-- swiftUIChatter

Xcode project structure

The left or Navigator pane of your Xcode window should show your project files under swiftUIChatter project (top-line), in a swiftUIChatter folder:

• swiftUIChatterApp: named after your project, this file tells iOS the entry point (@main) of your app. Only one data type (struct) can be so tagged. This struct describes the Scene in which the window hierarchy of your app resides. WindowGroup is the window hierarchy for your Scene (we’ll discuss the keyword some later). Unlike on the iPads or Macs where an app can have multiple scenes, each app has only one scene on the iPhones.

• ContentView: It will hold the timeline of our exchanges with Ollama later.

Chatter app

Chatt

In all our tutorials, we will use a structure called Chatt to hold exchanges with the backend to be displayed on screen. We store the definition of this structure in a file called Chatt.swift. Create a new Swift file:

1. Right click on the swiftUIChatter folder (not project, second line) on the left/navigator pane
2. Select New Empty File...
3. Rename the file from Untitled.swift to Chatt.swift
4. A chatt holds at the minimum the following fields. When the Chatter app is used to interact with Ollama, the username field may be used to hold the LLM model instead of the actual user’s name. Similarly, the message field will be used to hold user’s prompt to Ollama in such use case. Place the following struct definition for Chatt in the file:

    import Foundation
   
    struct Chatt: Identifiable {
        var username: String?
        var message: String?
        var id: UUID? = UUID()
        var timestamp: String?
   
        // so that we don't need to compare every property for equality
        static func ==(lhs: Chatt, rhs: Chatt) -> Bool {
            lhs.id == rhs.id
        }    
    }
   

   We declare the Chatt struct as conforming to the Identifiable protocol, which simply means that it contains an id property that SwiftUI can use to uniquely identify each instance in a list. We use randomly generated UUID to identify each chatt. We also provide a == operator to equate two instances as long as they have the same id.

ChattStore

Create another Swift file, call it ChattStore.swift.

While the frontend sends messages to the backend in the form of Chatt messages, Ollama can either response with OllamaError or OllamaReply. Put the following in your ChattStore.swift:

import Observation
import SwiftUI

struct OllamaError: Decodable {
    let error: String
}

struct OllamaReply: Decodable {
    let model: String
    let created_at: String
    let response: String
}

Compliance with the Decodable protocol allows Swift Codable package to automatically convert JSON strings received from the network into these Swift structures.

Then add the following ChattStore singleton:

@Observable
final class ChattStore {
    static let shared = ChattStore() // create one instance of the class to be shared, and
    private init() {} // make the constructor private so no other instances can be created

    private(set) var chatts = [Chatt]()

    private let serverUrl = "https://YOUR_SERVER_IP"
}

Once you have implemented your own back-end server, you will replace mada.eecs.umich.edu with your server’s IP address.

The first two declarations in ChattStore make it a singleton object, meaning there will ever be only one instance of this class when the app runs. We will keep user’s interaction with Ollama in the chatts array. Since we want only a single copy of the chatts data, we make this a singleton object. By Swift’s convention, the singleton instance is stored in its shared property.

We annotate the ChattStore class with the @Observable macro (part of the Observation package) to publish its public properties for subscription. When a SwiftUI View subscribes to a published observable variable (the subject), it will be notified and the View will be recomputed and re-rendered automatically as necessary. The chatts array will be used to hold user exchanges with Ollama. While we want chatts to be readable outside the class, we don’t want it publicly modifiable, and so we have set its “setter” to private.

Since chatts are retrieved from and posted to the chatterd back-end server, we will keep all network functions to communicate with the server as methods of this class. For this tutorial, we will have only one network function, llmPrompt(_:errMsg:).

To send a prompt to the backend, the user calls the asynchronous function llmPrompt(_:errMsg:), which starts by appending the user’s prompt to the chatts array. Add the following function definition to your ChattStore class:

    func llmPrompt(_ chatt: Chatt, errMsg: Binding<String>) async {
        
        self.chatts.append(chatt)

        // prepare prompt
    }

The errMsg parameter of llmPrompt(_:errMsg:) is of type Binding<String>, which means that updating its wrappedValue property will notify observers of the variable. We’ll see later that updating errMsg will cause an alert dialog box to pop up, to warn the user.

For this tutorial, we interact with Ollama using its generate API. Ollama’s generate API expects incoming prompts to be JSON objects with the following fields:

{
    "model": "string",
    "prompt": "string",
    "stream": boolean
}

We use the data passed in through chatt to create such a JSON object for Ollama. Add the following code to your llmPrompt(_:errMsg:), replacing // prepare prompt:

        let jsonObj: [String: Any] = [
            "model": chatt.username as Any,
            "prompt": chatt.message as Any,
            "stream": true
        ]
        guard let requestBody = try? JSONSerialization.data(withJSONObject: jsonObj) else {
            errMsg.wrappedValue = "llmPrompt: JSONSerialization error"
            return
        }

        // prepare request

We first assemble a Swift dictionary comprising the key-value pairs of data we want to post to the server. We can’t just post the Swift dictionary as is though. The server may not, and actually is not, written in Swift, and in any case could have a different memory layout for various data structures. Presented with a chunk of binary data, the server will not know that the data represents a dictionary, nor how to reconstruct the dictonary in its own dictionary layout. To post the Swift dictionary, therefore, we call JSONSerialization.data(withJSONObject:) to encode it into a serialized JSON object that the server will know how to parse, which we then put in a requestBody.

Below we use the requestBody to populate a URLRequest, with the appropriate POST URL. Add the following code to the function, replacing // prepare request:

        guard let apiUrl = URL(string: "\(serverUrl)/llmprompt") else {
            errMsg.wrappedValue = "llmPrompt: Bad URL"
            return
        }
        var request = URLRequest(url: apiUrl)
        request.timeoutInterval = 1200 // for 20 minutes
        request.httpMethod = "POST"
        request.setValue("application/json; charset=utf-8", forHTTPHeaderField: "Content-Type")
        request.setValue("application/*", forHTTPHeaderField: "Accept")
        request.httpBody = requestBody

        // connect to chatterd and Ollama

We initiate a connection to our chatterd backend and send the request. Our backend simply forwards the request to Ollama. Check that the connection has been made successfully. If we fail to connect to our backend (the catch block) or Ollama returned any HTTP error, we simply report it to the user, and end session. Replace // connect to chatterd and Ollama with:

        do {
            let (bytes, response) = try await URLSession.shared.bytes(for: request)
            
            if let http = response as? HTTPURLResponse, http.statusCode != 200 {
                for try await line in bytes.lines {
                    guard let data = line.data(using: .utf8) else {
                        continue
                    }
                    errMsg.wrappedValue = parseErr(code: "\(http.statusCode)", apiUrl: apiUrl, data: data)
                }
                if errMsg.wrappedValue.isEmpty {
                    errMsg.wrappedValue = "\(http.statusCode) \(HTTPURLResponse.localizedString(forStatusCode: http.statusCode))\n\(apiUrl)"
                }
                return
            }

            // prepare placeholder
        } catch {
            errMsg.wrappedValue = "llmPrompt: failed \(error)"
        }            

If the connection has been made successfully, we create a placeholder chatt for the incoming response and append it to the chatts array. The response is streamed and we want each arriving element to be displayed right away, hence the need for a placeholder chatt. Put the following code at the end of your do block, replacing // prepare placeholder:

            var resChatt = Chatt(
                username: "assistant (\(chatt.username ?? "ollama"))",
                message: "",
                timestamp: Date().ISO8601Format())
            self.chatts.append(resChatt)
            guard let last = chatts.indices.last else {
                errMsg.wrappedValue = "llmPrompt: chatts array malformed"
                return
            }

            // receive Ollama response

Finally, we receive each newline-delimited JSON (NDJSON) response and, if the line is not empty, we decode it into OllamaReply. The decoding is done using Swift’s Codable package. Upon successful decoding, the response property in OllamaReply is appended to the message property of our placeholder resChatt and we trigger reactive update of the display. Put the following code at the end of your do block, replace // receive Ollama response:

            for try await line in bytes.lines {
                guard let data = line.data(using: .utf8) else {
                    continue
                }
                do {
                    let ollamaResponse = try JSONDecoder().decode(OllamaReply.self, from: data)
                    resChatt.message?.append(ollamaResponse.response)
                } catch {
                    errMsg.wrappedValue += parseErr(code: "\(error)", apiUrl: apiUrl, data: data)
                    resChatt.message?.append("\nllmPrompt Error: \(errMsg.wrappedValue)\n\n")
                }
                self.chatts[last] = resChatt  // otherwise changes not observed!
            }

Here’s the parseErr(code:apiUrl:data:) helper function, put it inside your ChattStore class, outside the llmPrompt(_:errMsg:) function:

    private func parseErr(code: String, apiUrl: URL, data: Data) -> String {
        do {
            let errJson = try JSONDecoder().decode(OllamaError.self, from: data)
            return errJson.error
        } catch {
            return "\(code)\n\(apiUrl)\n\(String(data: data, encoding: .utf8) ?? "error decoding failed")"
        }
    }

ChattViewModel

We will have several variables accessed by multiple SwiftUI Views. Instead of passing these variables back and forth, we put them in a viewmodel we hoist onto the SwiftUI environment. A View that requires access to these variables can easily reach for the viewmodel in the environment. Put the following class in your swiftUIChatterApp.swift file, after the import SwiftUI line:

import Observation

@Observable
final class ChattViewModel {
    let model = "tinyllama"
    let username = "tinyllama" // instead of uniqname
    let instruction = "Type a message…"

    var message = "howdy?"
    var errMsg = ""
    var showError = false
}

We set the username property to be the model requested of the LLM to help with the display of user prompt vs. LLM response. We declare ChattViewModel to be an @Observable class so that its mutable properties, message, errMsg, and showError, when changed, can trigger a reactive update of the View(s) observing them.

Replace your swiftUIChatterApp struct definition with the following:

@main
struct swiftUIChatterApp: App {
    let viewModel = ChattViewModel()

    var body: some Scene {
        WindowGroup {
            NavigationStack {
                ContentView()
                    .onAppear {
                        let scenes = UIApplication.shared.connectedScenes
                        let windowScene = scenes.first as? UIWindowScene
                        
                        if let wnd = windowScene?.windows.first {
                            let lagFreeField = UITextField()
                            
                            wnd.addSubview(lagFreeField)
                            lagFreeField.becomeFirstResponder()
                            lagFreeField.resignFirstResponder()
                            lagFreeField.removeFromSuperview()
                        }
                    }
            }
            .environment(viewModel)
        }
    }
}

We first instantiate the ChattViewModel, then put it in the SwiftUI environment with .environment(viewModel). We wrap the call to ContentView() in a NavigationStack() to get a navigation bar in our ContentView. The .onAppear{ /*...*/ } block we put on ContentView() is for debugging only. On some versions of Xcode, the soft keyboard is very laggy when the app is run in debugging mode, tethered to Xcode; this .onAppear{} block shakes the keyboard out of its lagginess, a bit.

ChattScrollView

We want to display user exchanges with Ollama in a timeline view. First we define what each row of the timeline contains. Create a new empty file, ChattScrollView.swift and put the following lines in the file:

import SwiftUI

struct ChattView: View {
    let chatt: Chatt
    let isSender: Bool
    
    var body: some View {
        VStack(alignment: isSender ? .trailing : .leading, spacing: 4) {
            // chatt displayed here
        }
        .padding(.horizontal, 16)
    }
}

For each chatt, we check whether we’re displaying the user’s message or a response from Ollama. In the former case, we display the row flush right, else flush left.

Below we check if the message is empty. If it’s not empty, we first display the sender’s name if it is not from the user. Then we display the message in a “message bubble”, followed by the timestamp on the message. We put these three elements inside a VStack which arranges its elements in a vertical stack (a column). Add the following lines inside your VStack{} block, replacing // chatt displayed here:

            if let msg = chatt.message, !msg.isEmpty {
                Text(isSender ? "" : chatt.username ?? "")
                    .font(.subheadline)
                    .foregroundColor(.purple)
                    .padding(.leading, 4)
                
                Text(msg)
                    .padding(.horizontal, 12)
                    .padding(.vertical, 8)
                    .background(Color(isSender ? .systemBlue : .systemBackground))
                    .foregroundColor(isSender ? .white: .primary)
                    .cornerRadius(20)
                    .shadow(radius: 2)
                    .frame(maxWidth: 300, alignment: isSender ? .trailing : .leading)
                
                Text(chatt.timestamp ??  "")
                    .font(.caption2)
                    .foregroundColor(.gray)
                
                Spacer()
                    .frame(maxWidth: .infinity)
            }

We put a Spacer() in the VStack that spans the full width of the screen to force the VStack to use the full width.

When we declare a struct as conforming to View, such as in the case of ChattView, it is required to have a property called body of type some View. The property body is where you describe your View: which UI elements will be included, how they relate to each other positionally, e.g., one above the other? or side by side? The keyword some here means that the actual type will be determined at compile time, depending on actual usage, and it can be any type that conforms to View.

Now that we have a description of each row, we can put the rows in a list. Put the the following View in your ChattScrollView.swift file, outside ChattView:

struct ChattScrollView: View {
    @Environment(ChattViewModel.self) private var vm
    
    var body: some View {
        ScrollView {
            LazyVStack {
                ForEach(ChattStore.shared.chatts) {
                    ChattView(chatt: $0, isSender: $0.username == vm.username)
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

ForEach element in the chatts array in ChattStore, ChattView constructs and returns a View, which LazyVStack then displays. LazyVStack only loads array elements that are visible on screen. Recall that we have previously tagged ChattStore an @Observable. When a View accesses ChattStore’s property chatts, SwiftUI automatically subscribes the View to chatts property so that the View can be automatically recomputed and re-rendered when chatts is modified. ChattScrollView helps ChattView determine whether a chatt belongs to the user by comparing the sender’s username against the username stored in the viewmodel obtained from SwiftUI’s environment.

SubmitButton

While ChattView displays each chatt and ChattScrollView puts the ChattViews in a scrollable list, SubmitButton actually sends each user’s prompt to the backend and receives Ollama’s response and put both in the chatts array for ChattScrollView to display.

In your ContentView.swift file, put the following code below import SwiftUI:

import Observation

struct SubmitButton: View {
    @Binding var scrollProxy: ScrollViewProxy?
    @Environment(ChattViewModel.self) private var vm
    
    @State private var isSending = false

    var body: some View {
        Button {
            isSending = true
            Task (priority: .background){
                await ChattStore.shared.llmPrompt(
                    Chatt(username: vm.model,
                          message: vm.message,
                          timestamp: Date().ISO8601Format()),
                    errMsg: Bindable(vm).errMsg)
                // completion code
            }
        } label: {
            // icons
        }
        // modifiers
    }
}

when the button is clicked, we set isSending to true and call llmPrompt(_:errMsg:) with the user’s username, stored in the viewmodel’s username property, and user’s prompt, stored in the viewmodel’s message property. The viewmodel is obtainable from SwiftUI’s environment. The errMsg property in the viewmodel is passed as a Bindable so that it can be modified by llmPrompt(_:errMsg:)—think of it like pass-by-reference (it’s not actually pass-by-reference, but you gain the same capability to modify the variable). In calling llmPrompt(_:errMsg:), we also specify that the asynchronous function is to be run with background priority, which could have it scheduled on a background thread.

Upon returning from llmPrompt(_:errMsg:), we reset vm.message and isSending and check whether any error has been reported, and set vm.showError accordingly. Then we scroll the display to the bottom of displayed chatts. The last step must be done in userInitiated priority to be visible to the user. Add the following code inside the Task {} block, replacing the comment // completion code:

                vm.message = ""
                isSending = false
                vm.showError = !vm.errMsg.isEmpty
                Task (priority: .userInitiated) {
                    withAnimation {
                        scrollProxy?.scrollTo(ChattStore.shared.chatts.last?.id, anchor: .bottom)
                    }
                }

For the button’s label, we provide two icons: one to show a “loading” view if we’re still waiting for Ollama’s response (isSending is true) and one to show a “paperplane” submit icon otherwise. Add the following code inside the label:{} block, replacing the comment // icons:

            if isSending {
                ProgressView()
                    .progressViewStyle(CircularProgressViewStyle(tint: .secondary))
                    .padding(10)
            } else {
                Image(systemName: "paperplane.fill")
                    .foregroundColor(vm.message.isEmpty ? .gray : .yellow)
                    .padding(10)
            }

We also disable the button if isSending is true or if there’s no message to send. Add the following modifiers to Button by replacing the comment // modifiers:

        .disabled(isSending || vm.message.isEmpty)
        .background(Color(isSending || vm.message.isEmpty ? .secondarySystemBackground : .systemBlue))
        .clipShape(Circle())
        .padding(.trailing)

ContentView

We now have all the pieces we need to build our ContentView. Assuming you have commented out or deleted struct Preview as described earlier, replace your struct ContentView definition with:

struct ContentView: View {
    @Environment(ChattViewModel.self) private var vm
    @State private var scrollProxy: ScrollViewProxy?
    @FocusState private var messageInFocus: Bool // tap background to dismiss kbd
    
    var body: some View {
        VStack {
            ScrollViewReader { proxy in
                ChattScrollView()
                    .onAppear {
                        scrollProxy = proxy
                    }
            }
            // prompt input and submit
        }
        // tap background to dismiss kbd

        .navigationTitle("llmPrompt")
        .navigationBarTitleDisplayMode(.inline)
        // show error in an alert dialog

    }
}            

ContentView puts the ChattScrollView at the top of its column (VStack). ChattScrollView is wrapped in a ScrollViewReader which allows us to programmatically “scroll” the view using the proxy handle, which we store in the structure-wide scrollProxy so that it is available outside the ScrollViewReader closure. We also give our ContentView the title Chatter in the navigation bar at the top of the screen.

Below ChattScrollView, we now put a text box, where user can enter their Ollama prompt, and the SubmitButton. We put these text box and button inside an HStack (horizontal stack or row). Elements in an HStack are displayed side by side in a row. Replace // prompt input and submit with:

            HStack (alignment: .bottom) {
                TextField(vm.instruction, text: Bindable(vm).message)
                    .focused($messageInFocus) // to dismiss keyboard
                    .textFieldStyle(.roundedBorder)
                    .cornerRadius(20)
                    .shadow(radius: 2)
                    .background(Color(.clear))
                    .border(Color(.clear))

                SubmitButton(scrollProxy: $scrollProxy)
            }
            .padding(EdgeInsets(top: 0, leading: 20, bottom: 8, trailing: 0))

Similar to how we passed vm.errMsg to llmPrompt(_:errMsg:) as a Bindable, now we pass vm.message to TextField as a Bindable so that when user types into the TextField, TextField can modify vm.message as if it were passed by reference. We also give vm.instruction to TextField(), which will be shown as a “background” text that automatically goes away when the user starts typing.

SubmitButton uses scrollProxy to programmatically scroll the screen to the last item it added to the chatts array. To do that, SubmitButton must update scrollProxy to point to the last item; so scrollProxy must also be passed as a Binding. However, since scrollProxy is declared as a @State variable, not part of an @Observable class, we don’t need to use Bindable to pass it as Binding; we can use its projectedValue, signified by the use of the $ sign, instead.

When the user taps any where on the screen other than the TextField, we dismiss the soft keyboard. Replace // tap background to dismiss keyboard near the bottom of the definition of ContentView with:

        .contentShape(.rect)
        .onTapGesture {
            messageInFocus.toggle()
        }

Before we leave ContentView, we check whether vm.showError is true. If so, we show an alert dialog with the error message in vm.errMsg. Replace // show error in an alert dialog with:

            .alert("LLM Error", isPresented: Bindable(vm).showError) {
                Button("OK") {
                    vm.errMsg = ""
                }
            } message: {
                Text(vm.errMsg)
            }

Congratulations! You’re done with the front end! (Don’t forget to work on the backend!)

Run and test to verify and debug

You should now be able to run your front end against the provided back end on mada.eecs.umich.edu. Change serverUrl in ChattStore from YOUR_SERVER_IP to mada.eecs.umich.edu.

If you’re not familiar with how to run and test your code, please review the instructions in the Getting Started with iOS Development.

Completing the back end

Once you’re satisfied that your front end is working correctly, follow the back-end spec to build your own back end:

• llmprompt Backend

With your back end completed, return here to prepare your front end to connect to your back end via HTTP/2 with HTTPS.

Installing your self-signed certificate

Download a copy of your chatterd.crt to YOUR*TUTORIALS on your laptop. Enter the following commands:

laptop$ cd YOUR*TUTORIALS
laptop$ scp -i reactive.pem ubuntu@YOUR_SERVER_IP:reactive/chatterd.crt chatterd.crt

Install your chatterd.crt onto your iOS:

On iOS simulator

Drag chatterd.crt on your laptop and drop it on the home screen of your simulator. That’s it!

To test the installation, launch a web browser on the simulator and access your server at https://YOUR_SERVER_IP/llmprompt.

On iOS device

AirDrop chatterd.crt to your iPhone or email it to yourself.

Then on your device:

1. If you AirDrop your chatterd.crt, skip to next step. If you emailed the certificate to yourself, view your email and tap the attached chatterd.crt.

   If you don’t using Apple’s Mail app on your iPhone, you may have to “share” the cert and choose Save to Files, then launch the Files app on your phone and in the Downloads folder locate your chatterd.crt and tap it.

2. You should see a Profile Downloaded dialog box pops up.
3. Go to Settings > General > VPN & Device Management and tap on the profile with YOURSERVERIP.
4. At the upper right corner of the screen, tap Install.
5. Enter your passcode.
6. Tap Install at the upper right corner of the screen again.
7. And tap the somewhat dimmed out Install button.
8. Tap Done on the upper right corner of screen.
9. Go back to Settings > General
10. Go to [Settings > General >] About > Certificate Trust Settings
11. Bravely slide the toggle button next to YOURSERVERIP to enable full trust of your CA’s certificate and click Continue on the dialog box that pops up

To test the installation, launch a web browser on your device and access your server at https://YOUR_SERVER_IP/llmprompt. Since /llmprompt does not have a GET method, the browser may say, Cannot GET /llmprompt. As long as you’re not getting a security-related error message, it indicates that your self-signed certificate is installed correctly.

You can retrace your steps to remove the certificate when you don’t need it anymore.

If you run into problem using HTTPS on your device, the error code displayed by Xcode may help you debug. This post has a list of them near the end of the thread.

Finally, change the serverUrl property of your ChattStore class from mada.eecs.umich.edu to YOUR_SERVER_IP. Build and run your app and you should now be able to connect your mobile front end to your back end via HTTPS. Your frontend must work with both mada.eecs.umich.edu and your backend. You will not get full credit if your submitted front end is not set up to work with your backend!

Front-end submission guidelines

We will only grade files committed to the main branch. If you’ve created multiple branches, please merge them all to the main branch for submission.

Push your front-end code to the same GitHub repo you’ve submitted your back-end code:

• Open GitHub Desktop and click on Current Repository on the top left of the interface
• Click on the GitHub repo you created at the start of this tutorial
• Add Summary to your changes and click Commit to main at the bottom of the left pane
• Since you have pushed your back end code, you’ll have to click Pull Origin to synch up the repo on your laptop
• Finally click Push Origin to push all changes to GitHub

Go to the GitHub website to confirm that your front-end files have been uploaded to your GitHub repo under the folder llmprompt. Confirm that your repo has a folder structure outline similar to the following. If your folder structure is not as outlined, our script will not pick up your submission and, further, you may have problems getting started on latter tutorials. There could be other files or folders in your local folder not listed below, don’t delete them. As long as you have installed the course .gitignore as per the instructions in Preparing GitHub for Reactive, only files needed for grading will be pushed to GitHub.

  reactive
    |-- chatterd
    |-- chatterd.crt  
    |-- llmprompt
        |-- swiftUIChatter
            |-- swiftUIChatter.xcodeproj
            |-- swiftUIChatter

References

General iOS and Swift

• Swift guide
  • the underscore ‘_’
  • the underscore in func param
  • guard & defer

Getting Started with SwiftUI

• Quick guide on SwiftUI essentials
• A guide to the SwiftUI layout system - Part 1
• How to effectively leverage the power of new #Preview feature in SwiftUI

SwiftUI at WWDC

• Introducing SwiftUI: Building Your First App
• Introduction to SwiftUI
• WWDC20: Advancements in SwiftUI
• SwiftUI Essentials
• App Essentials in SwiftUI
• Data Flow Through SwiftUI
• Data Essentials in SwiftUI
• Stacks, Grids, and Outlines in SwiftUI
• Integrating SwiftUI

SwiftUI Programming

• The New Navigation System in SwiftUI
• Custom navigation bar title view in SwiftUI
• How to add button to navigation bar in SwiftUI
• The future of SwiftUI navigation (?)
• How to create views in a loop using ForEach
• How to convert UIColor to SwiftUI’s Color

State Management

• Singleton
• State and Data Flow
  • Managing Model Data in Your App
  • Managing User Interface State
• The @State Property Wrapper in SwiftUI Explained
• Discover Observation in SwiftUI
• A Deep Dive into Observation
• Working with @Binding in SwiftUI
• Stanger things around SwiftUI’s state
• The Inner Workings of State Properties in SwiftUI
• Observer vs Pub-Sub pattern
• Observation
• ObservationIgnored
• EnvironmentValues
• View.environment(::)
• SwiftUI View Lifecycle
• View modifiers
• Great SwiftUI see the section “Prefer No Effect Modifiers over Conditional Views”

Toolbar and keyboard

• How to create a toolbar and add buttons to it
• How to dismiss the keyboard for a TextField
• How to control the tappable area of a view using contentShape()
  • Disabling user interactivity with allowsHitTesting() discusses contentShape() near the end of article.
• SwiftUI Alert: Best Practices and Examples

Async/await

• Getting Started with async/await in SwiftUI

Networking

• URLSession
• URLSessionTask

Working with JSON

• Swift Tip: String to Data and Back for use in getChatts()
• Convert array to JSON in swift for use in postChatt(_:)
• How can I define Content-type in Swift using NSURLSession
• How to parse JSON using Coding Keys in iOS

NDJSON

• NDJSON 101: Streaming Over HTTP Endpoints